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參數(shù)資料
| 型號： | RC86L50-3 |
| 廠商： | Electronic Theatre Controls, Inc. |
| 英文描述： | VOICE SYNTHESIZER |
| 中文描述： | 語音合成器 |
| 文件頁數(shù)： | 39/48頁 |
| 文件大小： | 747K |
| 代理商： | RC86L50-3 |
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39
RC8650 VOICE SYNTHESIZER
RC SYSTEMS
$R(H)=
which states that h after initial r is silent, as in the word rhyme (the
$
context token represents any non-alphabetic character, such as a
space between words; see Table 4.1).
Punctuation, numbers, and most other characters can be redefined
with exceptions as well:
(5)=S I NG K O
(CHR$)=K EH R IX K T ER
(Spanish five)
(Basic function)
THE TRANSLATION ALGORITHM
In order to better understand how an exception dictionary works, it
is helpful to understand how the DoubleTalk text-to-speech engine
processes text.
Algorithms within the DoubleTalk engine analyze input text a charac-
ter at a time, from left to right. A list of pronunciation rules is searched
sequentially for each character until a rule is found that matches the
character in the correct position and context. The algorithm then
passes over the input character(s) bracketed in the rule (the text frag-
ment), and assigns the pronunciation given by the right side of the
rule to them. This process continues until all of the input text has been
converted to phonetic sounds.
The following example illustrates how the algorithm works by translat-
ing the word
receive
.
The algorithm begins with the letter r and searches the R pronunciation
rules for a match. The first rule that matches is
$(RE)^#=R IX
, be-
cause the r in receive is an initial r and is followed by an e, a consonant
(c), and a vowel (e). Consequently, the text fragment
re
receives the
pronunciation
R IH
, and the scan moves past
re
to the next character:
receive. (E is not the next scan character because it occurred inside
the parentheses with the r; the text fragment
re
as a whole receives
the pronunciation
R IX
)
The first match among the C rules is
(C)+=S
, because c is followed
by an e, i, or y.
C
thus receives the pronunciation
S
, and processing
continues with the second e: receive.
(EI)=IY
is the first rule to match the second e, so
ei
receives the
sound
IY
. Processing resumes at the character receive, which match-
es the default V rule,
(V)=V
.
The final e matches the rule
#:(E)$=
, which applies when e is final
and follows zero or more consonants and a vowel. Consequently,
e
receives no sound and processing continues with the following word
or punctuation, if any. Thus, the entire phoneme string for the word
receive is
R IX S IY V
.
RULE PRECEDENCE
Since DoubleTalk uses its translation rules in a sequential manner, the
position of each exception relative to the others must be carefully con-
sidered. For example, consider the following pair of exceptions:
(O)+=OW
(O)=UW
The first exception states that o followed by e, i, or y is to be pro-
nounced
OW
, the o-sound in boat. The second exception does not
place any restriction on what must come before or after o, so o in
any context will receive the
UW
pronunciation. If the exceptions were
reversed, the
(O)+
exception would never be reached because the
(O)
exception will always match o in any context. In general, tightly-
defined exceptions (those containing many context restrictions)
should precede loosely-defined exceptions (those with little or no
context definitions).
(RAT)=R AE T
(RATING)=R EY T IH NG
(R)=R
This is an example of how
not
to organize exceptions. The exception
(RATING)
will never be used because
(RAT)
will always match first.
According to these exceptions, the word
rating
would be pronounced
“rat-ing.”
It can be beneficial to group exceptions by the first character of the
text fragments, that is, all of the A exceptions in one group, all the B
exceptions in a second group, and so on. This gives an overall cleaner
appearance, and can prove to be helpful if the need arises to trouble-
shoot any problems in your dictionary.
TEXT NOT MATCHED BY THE DICTIONARY
It is possible that some input text may not match anything in a diction-
ary, depending on the nature of the dictionary. For example, if a diction-
ary was written to handle unusual words, only those words would be
included in the dictionary. On the other hand, if a dictionary defined
the pronunciation for another language, it would be comprehensive
enough to handle all types of input. In any case,
if an exception is not
found for a particular character, the English pronunciation will be given
to that character according to the built in pronunciation rules.
Generally, the automatic switchover to the built in rules is desirable
if the dictionary is used to correct mispronounced words, since by
definition the dictionary is defining exceptions to the built in rules. If
the automatic switchover is not desired, however, there are two ways
to prevent it from occurring. One way is to end each group of excep-
tions with an unconditional exception that matches any context. For
example, to ensure that the letter “a” will always be matched, end the
A exception group with the exception
(A)=
pronunciation. This tech-
nique works well to ensure matches for specific characters, such as
certain letters or numbers.
If the exception dictionary is to replace the built in rules entirely, end
the dictionary with the following exception:
()=
This special exception causes unmatched characters to be ignored
(receive no sound), rather than receive the pronunciation defined by
the built in rules.
EFFECT ON PUNCTUATION
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