110
ATmega8A [DATASHEET]
8159E–AVR–02/2013
The Oscillator is optimized for use with a 32.768 kHz watch crystal. Applying an external clock to the TOSC1 pin
may result in incorrect Timer/Counter2 operation. The CPU main clock frequency must be more than four times
the Oscillator frequency.
When writing to one of the registers TCNT2, OCR2, or TCCR2, the value is transferred to a temporary register,
and latched after two positive edges on TOSC1. The user should not write a new value before the contents of
the temporary register have been transferred to its destination. Each of the three mentioned registers have their
individual temporary register, which means that e.g. writing to TCNT2 does not disturb an OCR2 write in
progress. To detect that a transfer to the destination register has taken place, the Asynchronous Status Register
– ASSR has been implemented.
When entering Power-save mode after having written to TCNT2, OCR2, or TCCR2, the user must wait until the
written register has been updated if Timer/Counter2 is used to wake up the device. Otherwise, the MCU will
enter sleep mode before the changes are effective. This is particularly important if the Output Compare2
interrupt is used to wake up the device, since the Output Compare function is disabled during writing to OCR2
or TCNT2. If the write cycle is not finished, and the MCU enters sleep mode before the OCR2UB bit returns to
zero, the device will never receive a Compare Match interrupt, and the MCU will not wake up.
If Timer/Counter2 is used to wake the device up from Power-save mode, precautions must be taken if the user
wants to re-enter one of these modes: The interrupt logic needs one TOSC1 cycle to be reset. If the time
between wake-up and re-entering sleep mode is less than one TOSC1 cycle, the interrupt will not occur, and the
device will fail to wake up. If the user is in doubt whether the time before re-entering Power-save or Extended
Standby mode is sufficient, the following algorithm can be used to ensure that one TOSC1 cycle has elapsed:
1.
Write a value to TCCR2, TCNT2, or OCR2.
2.
Wait until the corresponding Update Busy Flag in ASSR returns to zero.
3.
Enter Power-save or Extended Standby mode.
When the asynchronous operation is selected, the 32.768kHz Oscillator for Timer/Counter2 is always running,
except in Power-down and Standby modes. After a Power-up Reset or Wake-up from Power-down or Standby
mode, the user should be aware of the fact that this Oscillator might take as long as one second to stabilize. The
user is advised to wait for at least one second before using Timer/Counter2 after Power-up or Wake-up from
Power-down or Standby mode. The contents of all Timer/Counter2 Registers must be considered lost after a
wake-up from Power-down or Standby mode due to unstable clock signal upon start-up, no matter whether the
Oscillator is in use or a clock signal is applied to the TOSC1 pin.
Description of wake up from Power-save or Extended Standby mode when the timer is clocked asynchronously:
When the interrupt condition is met, the wake up process is started on the following cycle of the timer clock, that
is, the timer is always advanced by at least one before the processor can read the counter value. After wake-up,
the MCU is halted for four cycles, it executes the interrupt routine, and resumes execution from the instruction
following SLEEP.
Reading of the TCNT2 Register shortly after wake-up from Power-save may give an incorrect result. Since
TCNT2 is clocked on the asynchronous TOSC clock, reading TCNT2 must be done through a register
synchronized to the internal I/O clock domain. Synchronization takes place for every rising TOSC1 edge. When
waking up from Power-save mode, and the I/O clock (clk
I/O) again becomes active, TCNT2 will read as the
previous value (before entering sleep) until the next rising TOSC1 edge. The phase of the TOSC clock after
waking up from Power-save mode is essentially unpredictable, as it depends on the wake-up time. The
recommended procedure for reading TCNT2 is thus as follows:
1.
Write any value to either of the registers OCR2 or TCCR2.
2.
Wait for the corresponding Update Busy Flag to be cleared.
3.
Read TCNT2.
During asynchronous operation, the synchronization of the Interrupt Flags for the asynchronous timer takes
three processor cycles plus one timer cycle. The timer is therefore advanced by at least one before the