C
I +
1
2p R
I
fc
f
c(LPF) +
1
2p Ra Ca
Ca +
1
2p 1k
f
c(LPF)
f
c(LPF) +
1
2p RFCF
where R
F
is the internal 40 kW resistor
f
c(LPF) +
1
2p 40 kW CF
C
F +
1
2p 40 kW fc(LPF)
9 dB
fc(HPF) = 100 Hz
12 dB
AV
+20 dB/dec
40 dB/dec
20 dB/dec
f
fc(LPF) = 10 kHz
f
c(HPF) +
1
2p R
I
C
I
where R
I
is the input resistor
f
c(HPF) +
1
2p 10 kW CI
C
I +
1
2p 10 kW fc(HPF)
SBOS555
– JUNE 2011
Substituting 100 Hz for fc(HPF) and solving for CI:
(3)
CI = 0.16 μF
In this example, CI is 0.16 μF, so the likely choice
At this point, a first-order band-pass filter has been
ranges from 0.22
μF to 0.47 μF. Ceramic capacitors
created with the low-frequency cutoff set to 100 Hz
are preferred because they are the best choice in
and the high-frequency cutoff set to 10 kHz.
preventing
leakage
current.
When
polarized
The process can be taken a step further by creating a
capacitors are used, the positive side of the capacitor
second-order high-pass filter. This is accomplished by
faces the amplifier input in most applications. The
placing a resistor (Ra) and capacitor (Ca) in the input
input dc level is held at VDD/2, typically higher than
path. It is important to note that Ra must be at least
the source dc level. It is important to confirm the
10 times smaller than RI; otherwise its value has a
capacitor polarity in the application.
noticeable effect on the gain, as Ra and RI are in
series.
Band-Pass Filter (Ra, Ca, and Ca)
It may be desirable to have signal filtering beyond the
Step 3: Additional Low-Pass Filter
one-pole high-pass filter formed by the combination of
Ra
must
be
at
least
10x
smaller
than
RI,
CI and RI. A low-pass filter may be added by placing
Set Ra = 1 k
a capacitor (CF) between the inputs and outputs,
forming a band-pass filter.
(10)
An example of when this technique might be used
would be in an application where the desirable
Therefore,
pass-band range is between 100 Hz and 10 kHz, with
a gain of 4 V/V. The following equations illustrate how
the proper values of CF and CI can be determined.
(11)
Substituting 10 kHz for fc(LPF) and solving for Ca:
Step 1: Low-Pass Filter
Ca = 160 pF
Figure 32 is a bode plot for the band-pass filter in the
previous example.
Figure 31 shows how to configure
(4)
the TPA6211A1-Q1 as a band-pass filter.
(5)
Therefore,
(6)
Substituting 10 kHz for fc(LPF) and solving for CF:
CF = 398 pF
Step 2: High-Pass Filter
Figure 32. Bode Plot
Decoupling Capacitor (CS)
The TPA6211A1-Q1 is a high-performance CMOS
(7)
audio amplifier that requires adequate power supply
Since the application in this case requires a gain of
decoupling to ensure the output total harmonic
4 V/V, RI must be set to 10 k.
distortion (THD) is as low as possible. Power-supply
decoupling also prevents oscillations for long lead
Substituting RI into equation 6.
lengths between the amplifier and the speaker. For
higher frequency transients, spikes, or digital hash on
(8)
the line, a good low equivalent-series-resistance
(ESR) ceramic capacitor, typically 0.1
μF to 1 μF,
Therefore,
placed as close as possible to the device VDD lead
(9)
16
Copyright
2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated