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AN-14
14
B
6/96
Applications requiring a small size transformer should start
with the appropriate P
column to select the proper
TOPSwitch
.
Then pick the transformer primary inductance from the L
column. For example: for a 115 VAC input and 20 Watt output,
start with the 100/115 VAC Input table and P
column. The
TOP102 is the first choice. Primary inductance is read from the
L
MIN
column and found to be 268
μ
H.
P
is critical for power supply applications with large peak
loads such as disk drives, printers, and audio amplifiers. Heat
sinking and component temperature rise determines the length
of time that
TOPSwitch
can deliver peak power P
PEAK
.
Figure 6. Current Waveform Shapes.
PI-1903-061296
IP
IR
IP
}
IR
}
KRP = = 0.4
IP
IR
KRP = 1.0
DRAIN CURRENT WAVEFORM SHAPES
Continuous Mode
(a)
Discontinuous Mode
(b)
5.2 Transformer Turns Ratio Curves
The transformer turns ratio is determined from the low line
minimum DC input voltage V
MIN
, output voltage V
, and
reflected output voltage V
. V
depends on the energy
storage input capacitance. A general rule is to use 3
μ
F/watt of
output power for universal input or 100/115 VAC applications
Figure 7. Transformer Turns Ratio for Various Minimum DC Input
Voltages and Duty Cycles.
20
40
0
0
15
10
5
20
25
30
Output Voltage (V)
T
P
VOR = 135 V
VOR = 60 V
and 1
μ
F/watt of output power for 230 VAC input applications.
Applications using doublers to get the higher effective DC
voltage from a 100/115 VAC input should use two series
capacitors, each with a value of 2
μ
F/watt of output power.
These capacitor guidelines result in a minimum V
of
approximately 90 VDC for universal input or 100/115 VAC
applications and 240 VDC for 230 VAC or doubler applications.
Applications using the TOP2XX series devices and operating
from universal input voltage, 230 VAC, or using a doubler from
100/115 VAC should have a transformer designed for a reflected
voltage V
of 135 V or less to limit peak Drain voltage stress.
Applications using the TOP1XX series devices operating from
100/115 VAC should design for a reflected output voltage V
of 60 V or less. Some applications can benefit by designing for
slightly lower reflected output voltage V
OR
to reduce voltage
stress when operating at high line.
The transformer turns ratio is given below where N
is the
primary number of turns, N
is the secondary number of turns,
V
OR
is the reflected output voltage, V
O
is the output voltage, and
V
D
is the diode forward voltage.
N
N
V
V
V
P
S
OR
+
O
D
=
Turns ratio curves derived from the above equation are shown
in Figure 7 for reflected output voltages of 60 V and 135 V.
V
DIODE
is assumed to be 0.7 V.