Data Sheet
AD9548
Rev. E | Page 33 of 112
The DPLL includes a feedback divider that causes the DDS to
operate at an integer-plus-fractional multiple (S + 1 + U/V) of
fTDC. S is the 30-bit value stored in the profile register and has
a range of 7 ≤ S ≤ 1,073,741,823. U and V are the 10-bit numer-
ator and denominator values of the optional fractional divide
component and are also stored in the profile register. Together
they establish the nominal DDS frequency (fDDS), given by
V
U
S
R
f
R
DDS
1
Normally, fractional-N designs exhibit distinctive phase noise
and spurious artifacts resulting from the modulation of the
integer divider based on the fractional value. Such is not the
case for the
AD9548 because it uses a purely digital means to
determine phase errors. Because the phase errors incurred by
modulating the feedback divider are deterministic, it is possible
to compensate for them digitally. The result is a fractional-N
PLL with no discernable modulation artifacts.
TDC/PFD
The TDC is a highly integrated functional block that incor-
porates both analog and digital circuitry. There are two pins
associated with the TDC that the user must connect to external
values and their connections.
For best performance, place components as close as possible to
the device pins. Components with low effective series resistance
(ESR) and low parasitic inductance yield the best results.
AD9548
10F
0.1F
TDC_VRT
TDC_VRB
58
57
08
02
2-
01
4
Figure 39. TDC Pin Connections
The phase-frequency detector (PFD) is an all-digital block. It
compares the digital output from the TDC (which relates to the
active reference edge) with the digital word from the feedback
block (which relates to the rollover edge of the DDS
accumulator after division by the feedback divider). It uses a
digital code pump and digital integrator (rather than a
conventional charge pump and capacitor) to generate the error
signal that steers the DDS frequency toward phase lock.
Closed-Loop Phase Offset
The all-digital nature of the TDC/PFD provides for numerical
control of the phase offset between the reference and feedback
edges. This allows the user to adjust the relative timing of the
distribution output edges relative to the reference input edges
by programming the 40-bit fixed phase lock offset register
(Address 0x030F to Address 0x0313). The 40-bit word is a
signed (twos complement) number that represents units of
picoseconds.
In addition, the user can adjust the closed-loop phase offset
(positive or negative) in incremental fashion. To do so, program
the desired step size in the 16-bit incremental phase lock offset
step size register (Address 0x0314 to Address 0x0315). This is
an unsigned number that represents units of picoseconds. The
programmed step size is added to the current closed-loop phase
offset each time the user writes a Logic 1 to the increment phase
offset bit (Register 0x0A0C, Bit 0). Conversely, the programmed
step size is subtracted from the current closed-loop phase offset
each time the user writes a Logic 1 to the decrement phase offset
bit (Register 0x0A0C, Bit 1). The serial I/O port control logic
clears both of these bits automatically. The user can remove the
incre-mentally accumulated phase by writing a Logic 1 to the
reset incremental phase offset bit (Register 0x0A0C, Bit 2),
which is also cleared automatically. Alternatively, rather than
using the serial I/O port, the multifunction pins can be set up to
perform the increment, decrement, and clear functions.
Note that the incremental phase offset is completely indepen-
dent of the offset programmed into the fixed phase lock offset
register. However, if the phase slew limiter is active (see the
any instantaneous change in closed-loop phase offset (fixed or
incremental) will be subject to possible slew limitation by the
action of the phase slew limiter.
Programmable Digital Loop Filter
The
AD9548 loop filter is a third order digital IIR filter that is
analogous to the third order analog loop shown in
Figure 40.C3
C2
C1
R2
R3
08
02
2-
01
5
Figure 40. Third Order Analog Loop Filter
The filter requires four coefficients as shown in
Figure 41. The
AD9548 evaluation board software automatically generates the
required loop filter coefficient values based on the user’s design
contains the design equations for calculating the loop filter
coefficients manually.
LOOP FILTER
(THIRD ORDER IIR)
IN
OUT
FRACTIONAL
(16-BIT)
1/2x
(6-BIT)
2x
(3-BIT)
2x
(4-BIT)
FRACTIONAL
(17-BIT)
1/2x
(6-BIT)
FRACTIONAL
(17-BIT)
1/2x
(6-BIT)
FRACTIONAL
(15-BIT)
1/2x
(5-BIT)
48
51
08
02
2-
01
6
Figure 41. Third Order Digital IIR Loop Filter