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GT-48001A Switched Ethernet Controller
46
Revision 1.6
12.
Ethernet Interfaces
The GT-48001A incorporates all the required digital circuitry to interface to 10Base-T, 10Base-5, 10Base-2, 10Base-
FL, and NRZ Synchronous media. Eight Ethernet ports are integrated in the GT-48001A and only a small amount of
external logic is needed to implement the standard physical interfaces.
12.1
Media Access Control (MAC)
The GT-48001A operates in half-duplex or full-duplex modes. In half-duplex mode, the GT-48001A checks that there is
no competitor for the network bus before transmission. In addition to listening for a clear line before transmitting, the
GT-48001A handles collisions in a pre-determined way. If two nodes attempt to transmit at the same time, the signals
collide and the data on the line is garbled. The GT-48001A listens while it is transmitting, and it can detect a collision.
If a collision is detected, the GT-48001A transmits a ‘JAM’ pattern and then delays its re-transmission for a random
time period determined by the backoff algorithm. In full-duplex mode, the GT-48001A transmits unconditionally.
12.2
Illegal Frames
The GT-48001A will discard all illegal frames and increment the appropriate error MIB counters. Examples include:
runts (less than 64 bytes), oversize (greater than 1518 or 1522 bytes), and bad FCS (bad CRC.)
12.3
Selecting the Duplex Mode
Each port can be selected to be in half- or full-duplex mode independently. Following reset the port mode is set by the
state sampled on the TxEn[x] pin. This value can be overridden in each port’s Port Control register.
12.3.0.1 Packet Transmission
If the Col (Collision) signal is not asserted, there is a major difference between Full and Half duplex mode when trans-
mitting packets. In Half duplex mode, the port complies with the "Carrier Sense" part of the CSMA/CD protocol, which
means that a pending transmission will always start only after the programmed interframe gap has expired following
the last of the following two events:
1.
End of receive activity -and-
2.
End of previous transmission
In Full duplex mode, a pending transmission will always start after the programmed interframe gap has expired follow-
ing the end of previous transmission. Any receive activity is ignored.
12.4
Backoff Algorithm Options
The GT-48001A implements the truncated exponential backoff algorithm defined by the 802.3 standard. Aggressive-
ness of the backoff algorithm used by all of the ports is controlled by the Limit4 pin. Limit4 controls the number of con-
secutive packet collisions that will occur before the consequtive collision counter is reset. When Limit4 is LOW, the GT-
48001A resets the collision counter after 16 consecutive retransmit trials, restarts the backoff algorithm, and continues
to try and retransmit the frame. A packet which is endlessly colliding on re-transmits will continue to be re-transmitted
forever, only changing backoff intervals. The GT-48001A supports port partitioning on consecutive collisions, a mode
which must be enabled by the CPU. The retransmission is done from the data already stored in the DRAM. In the case
of a successful transmission, the GT-48001A is ready to transmit any other frames queued in its transmit FIFO within
the minimum IPG of the link.
When Limit4 is HIGH, the GT-48001A will reset its collision counter and restarts the backoff algorithm after 4 consecu-
tive transmit trials. This results in the GT-48001A being more aggressive in acquiring the media following a collision.
This will result in better overall switch throughput (less packet loss) in standardized tests. Limit4 can be toggled during
switch operation.
12.5
Manchester Encoder/Decoder
The Manchester Encoder receives clocked data from the transmit engine and uses an internal 20MHz clock (80MHz
divided by 4) to provide the Manchester-encoded data to the Physical interface. The Manchester Decoder uses the
80MHz clock to recover the receive clock and to sample the incoming data.