94
Am79C965A
is detected within the 4.0 μs
–
6.0 μs IFS1 period, but
will commence timing of the entire IFS1 period.
Contention Resolution (Collision Handling)
Collision detection is performed and reported to the
MAC engine by the integrated Manchester Encoder/
Decoder (MENDEC).
If a collision is detected before the complete preamble/
SFD sequence has been transmitted, the MAC Engine
will complete the preamble/SFD before appending the
jam sequence. If a collision is detected after the pream-
ble/SFD has been completed, but prior to 512 bits
being transmitted, the MAC Engine will abort the
transmission, and append the jam sequence
immediately. The jam sequence is a 32-bit all zeroes
pattern.
The MAC Engine will attempt to transmit a frame a total
of 16 times (initial attempt plus 15 retries) due to
normal collisions (those within the slot time). Detection
of collision will cause the transmission to be
rescheduled, dependent on the back-off time that the
MAC Engine computes. If a single retry was required,
the ONE bit will be set in the Transmit Frame Status. If
more than one retry was required, the MORE bit will be
set. If all 16 attempts experienced collisions, the RTRY
bit will be set (ONE and MORE will be clear), and the
transmit message will be flushed from the FIFO. If
retries have been disabled by setting the DRTY bit in
CSR15, the MAC Engine will abandon transmission of
the frame on detection of the first collision. In this case,
only the RTRY bit will be set and the transmit message
will be flushed from the FIFO.
If a collision is detected after 512 bit times have been
transmitted, the collision is termed a late collision. The
MAC Engine will abort the transmission, append the
jam sequence and set the LCOL bit. No retry attempt
will be scheduled on detection of a late collision, and
the transmit message will be flushed from the FIFO.
The ISO 8802-3 (IEEE/ANSI 802.3) Standard requires
use of a
“
truncated binary exponential back-off
”
algo-
rithm which provides a controlled pseudo random
mechanism to enforce the collision back-off interval,
be-fore retransmission is attempted.
See ANSI/IEEE Std 802.3-1990 Edition, 4.2.3.2.5:
“
At the end of enforcing a collision (jamming), the
CSMA/CD sublayer delays before attempting to re-
transmit the frame. The delay is an integer multiple
of slotTime. The number of slot times to delay
before the nth retransmission attempt is chosen as
a uniformly distributed random integer r in the
range:
0
£
r < 2k
–
1
where k = min (n,10).
”
The PCnet-32 controller provides an alternative algo-
rithm, which suspends the counting of the slot time/IPG
during the time that receive carrier sense is detected.
This aids in networks where large numbers of nodes
are present, and numerous nodes can be in collision. It
effectively accelerates the increase in the back-off time
in busy networks, and allows nodes not involved in the
collision to access the channel whilst the colliding
nodes await a reduction in channel activity. Once
channel activity is reduced, the nodes resolving the
collision time out their slot time counters as normal.
Manchester Encoder/Decoder (MENDEC)
The integrated Manchester Encoder/Decoder provides
the PLS (Physical Layer Signaling) functions required
for a fully compliant ISO 8802-3 (IEEE/ANSI 802.3)
station. The MENDEC provides the encoding function
for data to be transmitted on the network using the high
accuracy on-board oscillator, driven by either the
crystal oscillator or an external CMOS level compatible
clock. The MENDEC also provides the decoding
function from data received from the network. The
MENDEC contains a Power On Reset (POR) circuit,
which ensures that all analog portions of the PCnet-32
controller are forced
into their correct state during power
up, and prevents
erroneous data transmission and/or
reception during this time.
External Crystal Characteristics
When using a crystal to drive the oscillator, the crystal
specification shown in Table 26 may be used to ensure
less than ±0.5 ns jitter at the transmit outputs.
Table 26. External Crystal Specification
*Requires trimming spec,: no trim is 50 ppm total.
External Clock Drive Characteristics
When driving the oscillator from an external clock
source, XTAL2 must be left floating (unconnected). An
external clock having the following characteristics must
be used to ensure less than ±0.5 ns jitter at the transmit
outputs. See Table 27.
Parameter
Min
Nom
Max
Unit
1.Parallel Resonant
Frequency
20
MHz
2.Resonant Frequency Error
–
50
+50
PPM
3.Change in Resonant Frequency
With Respect To Temperature
(0
×
C
–
70
×
C)*
–
40
+40
PPM
20
50
pF
4.Crystal Load Capacitance
5.Motional Crystal
Capacitance (C1)
0.022
pF
6.Series Resistance
25
ohm
7.Shunt Capacitance
7
pF
8.Drive Level
TBD
mW